James Dickey, for instance, referred to “Howl” as “a whipped-up state of excitement” and concluded that “it takes more than this to make poetry.” Other critics responded more positively. Kevin O’Sullivan, writing in Newsmakers, deemed “Howl” “an angry, sexually explicit poem” and added that it is “considered by many to be a revolutionary event in American poetry.” The poem’s raw, honest language and its “Hebraic-Melvillian bardic breath,” as Ginsberg called it, stunned many traditional critics. “ Howl,” a long-lined poem in the tradition of Walt Whitman, is an outcry of rage and despair against a destructive, abusive society. Ginsberg first came to public attention in 1956 with the publication of Howl and Other Poems.

In 1954, however, he moved to San Francisco, where the Beat Movement was developing through the activities of such poets as Kenneth Rexroth and Lawrence Ferlinghetti. After graduating from Columbia, Ginsberg remained in New York City and worked various jobs. Faced with prosecution, Ginsberg decided to plead insanity and subsequently spent several months in a mental institution. On one occasion, Ginsberg used his college dorm room to store stolen goods acquired by an acquaintance. Known for their unconventional views, and frequently rambunctious behavior, Ginsberg and his friends also experimented with drugs. In 1943, while studying at Columbia University, Ginsberg befriended William Burroughs and Jack Kerouac, and the trio later established themselves as pivotal figures in the Beat Movement. Ginsberg’s early life was marked by his mother’s psychological troubles, including a series of nervous breakdowns. One of the most respected Beat writers and acclaimed American poets of his generation, Allen Ginsberg was born on Jin Newark, New Jersey and raised in nearby Paterson, the son of an English teacher and Russian expatriate.

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